ABSTRACT Allelopathy is described as the positive or negative effect that one plant causes on the growing of another, which occurs through the reléase of chemical components to the environment. The 'tarwi', Lupinus mutabilis Sweet., is a native legume from the Andean region whose seeds have a high protein content, however, these have a bitter taste due to the presence of alkaloids, metabolites that have been reported as allelochemical components, whose uses in agriculture are being investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of 5 concentrations (0, 1.55, 3.10, 4.65 and 6.20 mg mL-1) of aqueous extract of tarwi alkaloids on the germination and growth of in vitro seedlings of three species of weeds; Amaranthus dubius, Bidens pilosa and Medicago polymorpha, in which the germination percentage, radicle and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings were evaluated. An inversely proportional relationship between the concentrations and lengths evaluated for all species was considered, having A. dubius germination and M. polymorpha seedling growth as the most affected. The most significant reduction in germination and plant growth occurred at concentrations above 4.65 mg mL-1.

RESUMEN La alelopatía es descrita como el efecto positivo o negativo que puede causar una planta en el crecimiento y desarrollo de otra, a través de la liberación de componentes químicos al ambiente. El tarwi, Lupinus mutabilis Sweet., es una leguminosa originaria de la zona andina cuyos granos contienen un alto porcentaje de proteínas. Sin embargo, tiene un sabor amargo debido a la presencia de alcaloides. Estos son metabolitos que han sido reportados como potenciales componentes aleloquímicos, cuyos usos en agricultura se están investigando. Se realizaron experimentos en laboratorio para determinar el efecto de 5 concentraciones (0; 1,55; 3,10; 4,65 y 6,20 mg mL- 1 ) de extracto acuoso de alcaloides del tarwi sobre la germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas in vitro de tres especies de malezas: Amaranthus dubius, Bidens pilosa y Medicago polymorpha. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación y las longitudes de radícula e hipocótilo de las plántulas. Se observó una relación inversamente proporcional entre las dosis y ambas longitudes evaluadas para todas las especies, siendo A. dubius la más afectada en germinación y M. polymorpha en crecimiento de plántula. La mayor reducción en germinación y crecimiento de plántulas se obtuvo en concentraciones mayores de 4,65 mg mL -1 de extracto.

The new COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus, which has a high affinity for the human ACE-2 receptor, those that are in high presence in the oral cavity. There have been various oral manifestations associated with COVID-19, however, the prevalence and etiology of these lesions is still unknown. The objective of the study is to determine in an updated way, the oral manifestations in patients with the disease, identifying type of basic lesion, associated pathology, location and prevalence. In this study the databases used were Scopus, MedLine and Web of Science. 28 articles were included in this review, which included a total of 591 patients with COVID-19 and oral manifestations. Finally, we determined that there are three types of general oral alterations: neurological, oral mucosa and glandular manifestations. The neurological are the most prevalent, followed by those of the oral mucosa and finally the glandular ones. About location, the sites where it is most common to find basic lesions are the tongue and lips.

El nuevo COVID-19 es originado por el virus SARS-CoV2, el cual posee alta afinidad por el receptor humano ACE-2, los que se encuentran en alta presencia en la cavidad oral. Se han presentado diversas manifestaciones orales asociadas a COVID-19, no obstante, aún se desconoce la prevalencia y la etiología de estas lesiones. El objetivo del estudio es determinar de manera actualizada, las manifestaciones orales en pacientes que se encuentran cursando la enfermedad, identificando el tipo de lesión básica, patología asociada, ubicación y prevalencia. En este estudio las bases de datos utilizados fueron Scopus, MedLine y Web of Science. Se incluyeron 28 artículos en esta revisión, los que engloban un total de 591 pacientes con COVID-19 y manifestaciones orales. Finalmente, determinamos que existen tres tipos de alteraciones orales generales: manifestaciones neurológicas, de mucosa oral y glandulares. Las neurológicas son las más prevalentes, seguidas por las de mucosa oral y finalmente las glandulares. Con respecto a la ubicación, los sitios en donde es más frecuente encontrar lesiones básicas vienen siendo lengua y labios.

The cusk eel Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) is a fish demanded by the Chilean market. Their catches have remained under 1,000 ton per year in the decade 2000-2010, at a price of US$7 kg-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of first generation juveniles produced by wild parents in culture conditions. Growth of 128 juveniles was estimated for five months in the hatchery of CIMARQ, Valparaiso, Chile, distributed into five size groups in tanks with seawater (35 g L-1), and temperature range: 12-14°C. Initial averages weight ranging from lower to the larger group 4 g (11 cm) to 23 g (18 cm). They were fed with commercial marine fish pellets. Total length, weight, estimated average, percentage of weight growth, specific growth rate, coefficient of thermal growth and feed conversion rate were monthly measured. The lower group at 5 months reached an average of 16 ± 7 g (16 ± 2 cm) and the largest group 75 ± 17 g (27 ± 6 cm). Their monthly average were adjusted with R² = 0.9 to the equations P = 3,845e0,300t and P=20,63e0,240t. Monthly feed conversion rates ranged from 8.6 to 0.3 at month 5 for the lower group and from 0.6 to 0.2 for the larger. Projected growth from the initial weight of 4 and 23 g to harvest weight of 2 kg could be obtained between 26 and 18 months for the smaller and larger group respectively.

El congrio colorado Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) es un pez altamente demandado por el mercado chileno. Las capturas han disminuido y mantenido bajo 1.000 ton anuales en la década 2000-2010 con un precio de US$7 kg-1. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento de juveniles de primera generación producida de padres silvestres en condiciones de cultivo. Se estimó el crecimiento de 128 juveniles durante cinco meses en el hatchery del CIMARQ, Valparaíso, Chile, distribuidos en cinco grupos de talla en estanques con agua marina (35 g L-1) y rango de temperatura de 12-14°C. Los pesos promedios iniciales variaron desde el grupo menor de 4 g (11 cm) al mayor de 23 g (18 cm). Estos fueron alimentados con pellet comercial para peces marinos. Se midió mensualmente la longitud total (cm), peso (g) y se estimó sus promedios, porcentaje de crecimiento en peso, tasa de crecimiento específico, coeficiente de crecimiento termal y factor de conversión. A los cinco meses el grupo menor alcanzó un peso promedio de 16 ± 7 g (16 ± 2 cm) y el mayor 75 ± 17 g (27 ± 6 cm). Los pesos promedios mensuales se ajustaron con R² = 0,9 a las ecuaciones P = 3,845e0,300t y P = 20,63e0,240t. Los factores de conversión fluctuaron entre 8,6 y 0,3 al mes 5 para el grupo menor y de 0,6 a 0,2 para el mayor. Si se proyecta el crecimiento desde el peso inicial de 4 y 23 g hasta el peso de cosecha de 2 kg, éste se obtendría entre 26 y 18 meses para los grupos menor y mayor respectivamente.

A história da neurocirurgia na Universidade de São Paulo remonta a 1918, quando surge sob o Departamento de Neurologia da cadeira de Clínica Psiquiátrica e Doenças Nervosas. O Professor Enjolras Vampré foi o grande inspirador da especialidade no estado de São Paulo. Em 1929, foram realizadas as primeiras intervenções neurocirúrgicas na então recentemente organizada Seção de Neurocirurgia. A fundação oficial da Divisão de Neurocirurgia Funcional data de junho de 1977 e contou com a participação de diversos cientistas de renome internacional. A Divisão passou por profunda reorganização sob a direção do Professor Raul Marino Jr. entre as décadas de 1990 e 2000, quando foi estruturada com os setores de neurocirurgia geral, neurocirurgia funcional e emergência neurocirúrgica. Desde 2008, o Professor Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira é responsável pela Divisão, que conta com os melhores recursos tecnológicos disponíveis, realizando mais de 3.000 cirurgias por ano e formando profissionais que certamente serão futuros líderes na neurocirurgia brasileira.

The history of neurosurgery at University of São Paulo comes from 1918, since its origins under the Department of Neurology from Chair of Psychiatric Clinic and Nervous Diseases. Professor Enjolras Vampré was the great inspiration for such medical specialty in the State of Sao Paulo. In 1929, the first neurosurgical procedures were performed in the recently (at time) organized Section of Neurosurgery. The official inauguration of the Division of Functional Neurosurgery occurred at June 1977, with the presence of worldwide well-known neuroscientists. The division suffered a deep streamlining under the leadership of Professor Raul Marino Jr., between the decades of 1990 and 2000. At this time, it was structured with the sections of neurological surgery, functional neurosurgery and neurosurgical emergency. Since 2008, Professor Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira is the Chairman of the Division and has provided the Division with the best available technological resources, performing more than 3,000 surgeries a year and training professionals who will, certainly, be some of the future leaders of brazilian neurosurgery.